Mario Zucchelli è una delle due stazioni scientifiche italiane in Antartide. Denominata inizialmente Baia Terra Nova, è stata rinominata nel 2005 in ricordo dell’Ing. Mario Zucchelli, che per molti anni fu a capo del Progetto Antartide dell’ENEA.
Iniziata a costruire durante la seconda spedizione italiana in Antartide (1986-1987) e resa operativa durante la quarta spedizione (1988-1989), la stazione Mario Zucchelli si trova su una piccola penisola rocciosa lungo la costa della Terra Vittoria settentrionale, tra le lingue dei ghiacciai Campbell e Drygalski. Coordinate: 74°42’ Sud e 164°07’ Est, a 15 m s.l.m.
L’area su cui sorgono gli edifici e gli impianti dispone di accessi al mare, e le piccole insenature presenti si prestano allo scarico e al carico dei materiali secondo la stagione. All’inizio dell’estate, fine ottobre, quando il mare circostante è ancora ricoperto dai ghiacci, la nave scarica i materiali sulla banchisa, e da qui vengono trasportati presso la stazione mediante convogli di slitte. Invece, alla fine dell’estate, a febbraio, quando il ghiaccio lascia il posto all’acqua, si utilizza un piccolo molo e una chiatta per i collegamenti tra terra e nave.
La stazione è aperta soltanto durante la stagione estiva, che va da fine ottobre a metà febbraio, e ospita mediamente 83 persone, offrendo alloggio e supporto logistico ai partecipanti delle spedizioni italiane e ai ricercatori che operano in campi remoti o in transito verso Concordia.
Due medici, generalmente un chirurgo ed un anestesista, forniscono assistenza sanitaria e possono fronteggiare qualsiasi emergenza. E’ operativa una teleconsulenza con il Policlinico Gemelli (Roma).
La Stazione Mario Zucchelli – gli edifici
Gli spazi coperti dell’edificio principale e delle unità satelliti ammontano a 7500 m2, dove si trovano alloggi, uffici, locali mensa e per il tempo libero, infermeria e pronto soccorso, e laboratori, magazzini e impianti.
Oltre ai laboratori attrezzati per analisi chimiche, biologiche, geologiche e elettroniche, la stazione Mario Zucchelli dispone anche di una sala calcolo e un acquario.
Sono presenti anche un osservatorio astronomico ed altri osservatori permanenti per lo studio del magnetismo terrestre, della ionosfera, dei movimenti sismici, delle maree, dei riferimenti geodetici e delle variabili meteorologiche.
Una sala controllo coordina tutte le operazioni in corso, locali e remote.
La centrale elettrica dispone di 4 generatori diesel (due da 140 kW e due da 300 kW) e di un gruppo di continuità, ma anche di un impianto eolico e uno fotovoltaico, che rappresentano i primi passi di una transizione in corso verso il 100% di energia prodotta da fonti rinnovabili.
Due liquefattori di gas forniscono al bisogno azoto ed elio ai laboratori.
Presso la stazione sono a disposizione una cinquantina di macchine operatrici, di servizio e antincendio, e altrettanti mezzi e veicoli per operazioni su ghiaccio e su neve, oltre due battelli e alcuni gommoni.
Gli elicotteri fanno scalo su una delle 3 piattaforme attrezzate. Gli aerei leggeri equipaggiati con sci atterrano su qualunque superficie piana innevata, mentre gli Hercules C-130 (con ruote) su una pista stagionale di 3000 metri di lunghezza che viene allestita su ghiaccio marino.
Il combustibile è stoccato in 3 grandi serbatoi, che possono contenere fino 600.000 litri di kerosene ciascuno, ed è presente anche un distributore di carburante.
L’acqua dolce è ottenuta dissalando l’acqua del mare.
Grande attenzione viene posta alla raccolta differenziata dei rifiuti e al rispetto dell’ambiente. Carta, legno e frazione organica vengono inceneriti nell’apposito impianto, gli altri rifiuti, differenziati, vengono riportati in Italia e inviati agli opportuni trattamenti di smaltimento. Le acque reflue vengono depurate.
Stazione Mario Zucchelli – In alto la sala operativa
Alcuni dati
LA STAZIONE MARIO ZUCCHELLI Coordinate: 74°42’ S, 164°07’ E – Quota:15 m, sul Mare di Ross.
Aperta da metà ottobre alla prima metà di febbraio (estate australe)
Fuso Orario: + 12 ore
Temperature di stagione: da -10°C a +5°C
Pericoli: il vento catabatico che sopraggiunge improvviso e può soffiare oltre i 100 km/ora
PRINCIPALI FUNZIONI
– ricovero per il personale (media 85 presenze)
– supporto logistico per il personale scientifico operante in campi remoti
– supporto logistico-operativo per la Nave cargo-oceanografica
– supporto per le attività di ricerca con laboratori e strumentazione
– supporto per il personale e il materiale in transito per Dome C
– supporto alle operazioni aeree italiane e straniere
DATI TECNICI
superficie: 7.500 m2 coperti (laboratori, magazzini, impianti, alloggi, servizi)
alloggi: max 124 posti letto (80 nel Corpo Principale)
energia: 880 kW installati
mezzi: circa 100 tra terrestri, da neve e marini
Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Unità Tecnica Antartide
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