Concordia è una delle due basi scientifiche italiane in Antartide. A differenza della Stazione Mario Zucchelli, che è completamente italiana, la Stazione Concordia è stata costruita ed è gestita in collaborazione con la Francia.
La Stazione Concordia si trova sul plateau antartico orientale, nel sito denominato Dome C, un’altura a 3230 m slm, a una distanza di circa 1000 km dalla costa, di oltre 1000 km dalla Stazione italiana Mario Zucchelli e dalla stazione francese Dumont d’Urville, e a 1.670 km dal Polo Sud geografico, coordinate: 75°06’ sud, 123°20’ est.
Iniziata a costruire nel 1998 e terminata nel 2004, la stazione Concordia è aperta ininterrottamente dal 2005, anche durante il gelido inverno australe, quando le temperature raggiungono anche i -80°C. Durante l’estate, dai primi giorni di novembre fino alla prima decade di febbraio, ospita fino a 34 tecnici e ricercatori. Poi i “winter over”, un piccolo gruppo di circa 16 persone, rimangono in completo isolamento per nove lunghi mesi, per proseguire le attività durante l’inverno polare. Lasciano la stazione solo all’arrivo della nuova spedizione, a novembre.
Una stazione internazionale Oltre ad ospitare francesi e italiani, la stazione Concordia è un punto di riferimento per la comunità scientifica internazionale impegnata nelle tante attività di ricerca svolte a Dome C. Qui i ricercatori trovano alloggio, supporto tecnico e logistico per facilitare le attività di ricerca in quei settori della scienza ritenuti strategici come l’astronomia, l’astrofisica, la sismologia, la fisica dell’atmosfera e la climatologia, ma anche la biologia e la medicina.
Dome C – Veduta aerea: al centro le due torri della Stazione Concordia
La scelta del sito Dome C è stato raggiunto per la prima volta durante l’estate australe 1992-1993, da un gruppo italo-francese alla ricerca del luogo più adatto per eseguire una perforazione della calotta glaciale e prelevare campioni di ghiaccio antichissimo.
E’ un luogo isolato geograficamente, ha un alto spessore di ghiaccio, che supera i 3000 metri, una temperatura minima che può arrivare fino a -80°C e un clima paragonabile a quello del deserto del Sahara, con aria secca e piovosità quasi nulla.
Scelto per le sue caratteristiche estreme, Dome C è il sito dove è stata costruita la stazione italo-francese Concordia e dove è in corso il più grande studio sui cambiamenti climatici, iniziato con il progetto EPICA e proseguito con il progetto Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice, che mira ad estrarre dalla calotta glaciale antartica il nucleo di ghiaccio più antico della Terra, per studiarlo e ricavarne preziose informazioni sul clima terrestre risalente a oltre 1,5 milioni di anni fa.
Dome C è considerato dalla comunità scientifica internazionale un sito strategico per gli studi del clima terrestre, ma anche per gli studi di astronomia e astrofisica, delle scienze della Terra, della biologia e medicina e del telerilevamento.
La Stazione Concordia: Come è fatta La Stazione Concordia è costituita da 2 edifici cilindrici uniti da un passaggio coperto.
Ogni cilindro, dal diametro di 18,5m e altezza di11m, ha 3 piani, per un totale 250m2 di superficie utile. L’altezza totale dal suolo, o meglio dal ghiaccio, supera i 14m, poiché ogni struttura poggia su 6 grandi piedi di ferro regolabili per compensare le variazioni nello spessore del ghiaccio.
La Stazione può ospitare fino a 16 persone nella stagione invernale e 34 nella stagione estiva.
Accanto alla stazione è presente un campo solo estivo, realizzato con prefabbricati funzionali, container e tende, per ospitare i tecnici e i ricercatori durante la costruzione di Concordia e durante la prima fase dell’attività di trivellazione del ghiaccio.
L’area totale del campo è di 1500m2. Esso è ancora funzionante e può fornire l’alloggio e ambienti di lavoro a circa 50 persone.
L’energia elettrica consumata presso la Stazione Concordia è prodotta da due generatori diesel da 174kW ciascuno. L’acqua è ottenuta mediante fusione della neve. Le comunicazioni avvengono per mezzo di terminali satellitari.
I trasferimenti Per percorrere gli oltre 1000 km che separano Concordia dalla costa e dalle altre stazioni scientifiche sono impiegati velivoli tipo Twin Otter, che trasportano il personale e il materiale leggero, mentre per trasportare i rifornimenti pesanti, vengono effettuate “traverse” di mezzi cingolati, che partono dal sito italo-francese Cap Prud’Homme e impiegano 7-12 giorni per raggiungere la base Concordia.
Il sito italo-francese Cap Prud’Homme si trova sulla costa antartica nella regione “Terra di Adélie” a circa 5 km da Petrel Island dove è situata la base francese di Dumont d’Urville (DdU) e ad oltre 1000 km dalla Stazione Concordia.
La gestione congiunta Concordia è l’unica stazione scientifica presente in Antartide costruita e gestita da due nazioni: Italia e Francia. La gestione congiunta si basa su un accordo intergovernativo per la cooperazione scientifica in Antartide, firmato dal governo italiano e dal governo francese nel 1993 e rinnovato nel marzo 2017, e su un accordo specifico tra il Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide, PNRA, e l’Istituto Polare Francese, IPEV, per la gestione e l’attuazione dei programmi di ricerca scientifica e tecnologica a Concordia.
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