Le Stazioni dei più importanti Stati presenti in Antartide
L’Antartide è stato l’ultimo continente ad essere conquistato ed esplorato dall’uomo.
Quasi completamente ricoperto di ghiaccio, l’Antartide è l’area più alta, secca e fredda della Terra, ma anche la più naturale e incontaminata. Il clima inospitale e la geografia inaccessibile e ostile lo hanno reso l’unico continente mai abitato permanentemente dall’uomo, trasformandolo in un preziosissimo archivio della nostra storia geologica e climatica, che ha attirato l’interesse della comunità scientifica internazionale. Invece, le sue dimensioni continentali (è grande quasi cinquanta volte l’Italia), la sua posizione, strategica per il controllo della navigazione marittima ed aerea nell’emisfero sud del mondo, e la ricchezza di risorse minerarie non ancora sfruttate, hanno attirato l’interesse di alcune potenze mondiali, che ne rivendicano l’influenza geopolitica sui territori raggiunti.
Per evitare che l’Antartide diventasse un nuovo terreno di scontro politico e per rispondere all’interesse della comunità scientifica internazionale di garantire la libertà di ricerca scientifica e la tutela dell’ambiente, nel 1959 fu firmato il “Trattato Antartico”, che ha bloccato le rivendicazioni nazionali e l’utilizzo delle risorse per scopi commerciali, e lo ha trasformato in un enorme laboratorio naturale da difendere e preservare a disposizione di tutta l’umanità. Per assicurare maggior tutela al continente, negli anni, il Trattato è stato affiancato da altri accordi, tanto che oggi parliamo di un “Sistema del Trattato Antartico”.
Dai primi 12 Paesi firmatari, oggi gli Stati che hanno aderito al Trattato sono 54, tra cui l’Italia, che lo ha sottoscritto nel 1981, divenendo nel 1987 uno dei 29 Membri Consultivi, che hanno diritto di voto, potere decisionale e di controllo sull’osservanza del Trattato. Dal 1987, l’Italia è anche uno dei 44 membri del Comitato Scientifico per la Ricerca in Antartide, lo SCAR, e dal 1988 fa parte del gruppo delle 32 nazioni considerate Membri a pieno titolo.
L’Italia è presente in Antartide con un programma nazionale, il Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide, istituito nel 1985.
Il PNRA definisce e coordina il piano delle attività logistiche e scientifiche da svolgere in Antartide, e organizza ogni anno una spedizione.
Grazie al PNRA, l’Italia ha costruito due basi logistiche in Antartide, la Stazione Mario Zucchelli e la Stazione Concordia, quest’ultima gestita insieme alla Francia; dispone di una nave da ricerca, la rompighiaccio “Laura Bassi”, di proprietà dell’Istituto nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, che viene utilizzata per il trasporto di carichi pesanti e del personale e per compiere ricerche oceanografiche; e ha la sede di un ufficio a Christchurch, in Nuova Zelanda, che è un punto di riferimento per le spedizioni.
Ogni anno sono circa 300 i ricercatori italiani, selezionati tra quelli del CNR, ENEA, Università ed Enti Pubblici italiani, che svolgono a tempo pieno attività di ricerca nell’ambito del Programma Antartico. Mentre, è formato da circa 200 persone. tra tecnici e ricercatori, il gruppo che ogni anno partecipa alla spedizione.
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