LTCPAA

Long Term Measurements of Chemical and Physical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol at Dome C

LTCPAA

© PNRA

Progetto

Questo progetto prevede l’installazione di un laboratorio che permetta di effettuare misure a lungo termine delle proprietà chimiche e fisiche dell’aerosol atmosferico a Dome C. Questo tipo di misure è fondamentale per comprendere meglio le sorgenti attuali del particolato e dei gas atmosferici, i loro processi di trasporto a lungo raggio, i loro meccanismi deposizionali e post-deposizionali, e la loro trasformazione chimica. L’ottenimento di un data set sufficientemente ampio è basilare sia per la comprensione delle variabili che influenzano il clima odierno, sia per una corretta interpretazione dei record paleoambientali da carote di ghiaccio, oltre che per la calibrazione dei modelli previsionali.

Oltre allo studio delle proprietà fisiche e chimiche dell’aerosol e dei gas atmosferici come l’ozono, è anche continuamente misurato il flusso di raggi cosmici per lo studio dell’attività solare e della precipitazione delle particelle ad alta energia.

Project

This project has main target the installation of a laboratory that allows to carry out long-term measurements of the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosol at Dome C. This kind of measurement is fundamental to better understand the current sources of particulate matter and atmospheric gases, their long-range transport processes, their depositional and post-depositional mechanisms, and their chemical transformation. The achievement of a sufficiently large data set is fundamental both for understanding the variables that influence today's climate and for a correct interpretation of paleo-environmental records from ice cores, as well as for the calibration of predictive models.

Besides the study of the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosol and gaseous as ozone, it is also measured continuously the cosmic ray flux for the study of the solar activity and the precipitation of high energy particles.

Scientific Objectives

  • understanding the climate-aerosol feedback processes in regions that are very sensitive to environmental and climatic changes;
  • establishing the background values of the atmospheric load, size distribution and chemical composition of aerosol;
  • improving the reliability of climatic models by making available a long-term data set for a more effective evaluation of the forcings exerted by global aerosol (ERFari and ERFaci);
  • studying, with sufficient statistics, the seasonal and inter-annual trend of the concentrations of key-components of aerosol (S-, N- and C-cycle compounds; biogenic emissions; dust; sea spray);
  • evaluating the present source strength and long-range atmospheric transport efficiency of aerosol produced in the marine and continental areas at lower latitudes;
  • estimating the contribution of aerosol sources to Antarctica from local to regional scale;
  • studying the effects of photochemistry and radical sources (ozone) on chemical reactions of gaseous aerosol precursors and New Particles Formation in very peculiar (temperature, continuous summer irradiance) atmospheric conditions;
  • improving the reliability of paleo-climatic and paleo-environmental reconstructions by ice core stratigraphies, also by a better knowledge of the aerosol- snow surface interchange;
  • evaluating the possible role of cosmic rays in New Particle Formation (NPF) in an area where nucleation is unlikely due to low atmospheric concentrations of aerosol precursors.

Research Activities

Dome C

Dome C site (75°06′S, 123°21′E) is located at 3233 m a.s.l. on the East Antarctic plateau south of the Indian Ocean, about 1100 km from the coastline. Located on the top of a large dome with negligible slope, Dome C is not affected by the typical intense katabatic winds observed in Antarctica. The thickness of the ice cap is 3250±25 m, has a mean annual temperature of −53°C and a mean annual accumulation rate of some tens of mm of equivalent water (corresponding to about 7.4 cm of snow) per year at the surface. This small accumulation rate is due to the very low humidity in the atmosphere.

Dome C represents a strategic place for these studies, thanks to the remote location of the site, which is characterized by very low levels of contamination (both for the distance of the major sources of particulate and the high altitude, besides the isolation due to the establish of the winter polar vortex) and the proximity to the minimum of the geomagnetic field, which allow to measure a cosmic ray flux relatively high.

Shelters

Surface snow (roughly 1 cm depth) is collected in a dedicated area, called "CLEAN AREA", 200 m far from ATMOS shelter
The ATMOS shelter is located at about 700 m away from Concordia Base, in an upwind position with respect to the prevailing winds, in order to minimize contamination from Base’s emissions. The shelter is devoted to all the chemical and glaciological experiments
The PHYSIC shelter is located at about 600 m away from Concordia Station. The shelter is devoted to all the physical experiments

Instruments

Daily automatic low-volume PM10 aerosol
4-stage inertial impactor size-segregated aerosol
Bulk low-volume PM10 aerosol
Bulk medium-volume PM10 aerosol
Bulk high-volume PM10 aerosol
Ozone analyzer
DMPS (Differential Mobility Particle Sizer)
Nephelometer
PSAP (Particle Soot Absorption Photometer)
OPS (Optical Particle Sizer)
CIC (Cluster ion counter)
Muon Counter (AMiCO)
Neutron Counter

About Us

Principal Investigator:
Prof. Rita Traversi - rita.traversi@unifi.it

Unit Responsible: Prof. Rita Traversi (University of Florence – traversi@unifi.it)

University of Florence (Silvia Becagli, Mirko Severi, Laura Caiazzo – currently INFN Florence, Alessandra Amore, Raffaello Nardin, Rita Traversi)

  • Set up of an array of sampling and measurement devices to be used for long-term studies (bulk PM10 at low and medium vol., 4-stage impactors)
  • Devoted chemical analyses (ion content, major and trace metals, EC/OC) on continuously collected aerosol and snow samples

 

INFN Florence (National Institute of Nuclear Physics) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence (Lorenzo Bonechi, Raffaello d’Alessandro)

  • Continuous measurement of Cosmic Ray flux by Muon Counter (AMiCO) to study possible correlations with the rate of production of particulate matter and atmospheric conditions

 

University of Oulu – Finland (FINNARP and Academy of Finland Project: CRIPA – “Cosmic Rays In Polar Atmosphere” – PI: Prof. Ilya Usoskin, Stepan Poluianov)

  • Continuous measurement of Cosmic Ray flux variability in the high-elevation polar atmosphere and study of their effects by 2 Neutron Monitors

Unit Responsible: Dr. Paolo Cristofanelli (CNR-ISAC Bologna– paolo.cristofanelli@isac.cnr.it)

CNR-ISAC Bologna (Paolo Cristofanelli, Davide Putero, Francesco Calzolari, Maurizio Busetto)

  • Investigation of the variability of near-surface ozone and aerosol physical properties (absorption and scattering coefficient, size distribution) in the continental Antarctic PBL
  • Related performing of QA/QC actions to assure the quality of recorded data

 

CNR-IIA, Rome (A. Ianniello, F. Vichi, G. Esposito, M. Frattoni, A. Imperiali)

  • Summer campaigns of sampling and analysis of VOCs and gas/particulate repartition for N-cycle species

 

FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute) and UHEL (University of Helsinki) – Finland (Aki Virkkula, John Backman, Pasi Aalto)

  • Continuous measurements of size distribution, light scattering and absorption measurements, cluster ion counting

Unit Responsible: Prof. Andrea Gambaro (University of Ca’ Foscari, Venice – gambaro@unive.it)

University of Ca’ Foscari, Venice (Andrea Gambaro, Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco)

  • Summer campaigns of PM10 aerosol sampling and analysis of a number of species: 40 free L- and D- amino acids, 7 monosaccharides (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose), 8 alcohol-sugars (arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, xylitol, galactitol, maltitol), 3 anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), sucrose, 11 phenolic compounds (PC) (vanillic acid, isovanillic acid, homovanillic acid, vanillin, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, p-coumaric acid, coniferaldehyde, acetosyringone, acetovanillone and ferrulic acid)

Unit Responsible: Prof. Marco Grotti (University of Genova – grotti@unige.it)

University of Genova (Marco Grotti, Francisco Ardini)

  • Elemental and isotopic analysis of PM10 aerosol and snow samples (in collaboration with SIDDARTA project)

Metadata

Kind of Sampling Location From (date) To (date) Resolution Time Type of Measurement Research Unit (RU)
Skypost PM10 ATMOS shelter 05/12/2016 Currently ongoing Daily Bulk PM10 by low-volume sampler devoted to the analysis of chemical ionic markers RU 1 - University of Florence
Dekati-4 ATMOS shelter 05/12/2016 Currently ongoing 4 days Size-segregated aerosol by 4-stage inertial impactor by low-volume sampler devoted to the analysis of ionic markers and major metals RU 1 - University of Florence
PM10 ECHO-PM ATMOS shelter 13/12/2016 Currently ongoing 8 days Bulk PM10 by low-volume sampler devoted to the measurements of Elemental and Organic Carbon RU 1 - University of Florence
PM10 ECHO-PUF ATMOS shelter 28/01/2017 Currently ongoing 32 days Bulk PM10 by medium-volume sampler devoted to the determination of main and trace metals by ICP-MS and PIXE techniques RU 1 - University of Florence / RU 4 - University of Genova
Surface Snow Clean Area 05/12/2016 Currently ongoing 2 days Measurements devoted to the analysis of chemical ionic markers RU 1 - University of Florence
Muon Counter (AMiCO) PHYSIC shelter 23/12/2017 Currently ongoing 1 minute Continuous monitoring of the charged cosmic rays intensity RU 1 - INFN of Florence
Neutron Counter PHYSIC shelter December 2014 Currently ongoing 1 minute Cosmic Ray Flux measurements RU 1 - University of Oulu
Ozone analyzer ATMOS shelter December 2016 Currently ongoing 1 minute Measurements of variability of near-surface ozone RU 2 - CNR-ISAC of Bologna
DMPS ATMOS shelter December 2007 Currently ongoing 13 minutes Differential Mobility Particle Sizer: measurements of particle size distribution in the 10 - 1000 nm size range RU 2 - FMI and UHEL of Helsinki
OPS ATMOS shelter December 2007 Currently ongoing 10 minutes Optical Particle Sizer: measurements of particle size distribution in the 0.3 - 10 nm RU 2 - FMI and UHEL of Helsinki
Nephelometer ATMOS shelter December 2007 Currently ongoing 3 seconds Measurements of scattering e backscattering radiation at 3 wavelengths RU 2 - FMI and UHEL of Helsinki
PSAP ATMOS shelter December 2007 Currently ongoing 1 second Particle Soot Absorption Photometer: Measurements of absorption at 3 wavelengths (660, 530, 467 nm) RU 2 - FMI and UHEL of Helsinki
CIC ATMOS shelter December 2018 Currently ongoing 1 second Cluster ion counter: measurements of ion size distributions in the sub 1 nm to about 3 nm RU 2 - FMI and UHEL of Helsinki
HV-PM10 Roof of ATMOS shelter 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020 summer campaigns Currently ongoing during summer 10 days Multi-stage high volume impactor devoted to the analysis of phenolic compounds, free amino acids and sugars RU 3 - University Ca' Foscari of Venice
Surface Snow Clean Area December 2016 Currently ongoing 30 days Measurements devoted to the analysis of isotopic analysis by ICP-AES, ICP-QMS or ICP-SF-MS RU 4 - University of Genova

Summer Campaigns

2016/2017 Summer Campaing:

  • Equipping a new laboratory in the "ATMOS" shelter with several sampling and measurement devices:
    • 1 Skypost for daily PM10 sampling
    • 1 ECHO-PM for the 4-stage impactor Dekati-4, with 4-day resolution
    • 2 ECHO-PUF for the metal sampling, with 32-day resolution
    • 1 ECHO-PM for EC-OC, elementary and organic carbon, sampling, with 8-day resolution
    • 1 ECHO-PM for the daily NO3- sampling, lasted only 4 months in total, during the summer campaign and the first period of the winter campaign
    • 1 high-volume sampler for halogen sampling, during the summer campaign
    • ozone analyser
    • a meteorological trigger with an anemometer on the roof, to prevent possible influences of the Base
  • Holing the wooden plates on the roof of the shelter, insulating them with the rockwool panels, and allowing the passage of the metal pipes and temperature probes connecting samplers (inside the shelter) to the cut-off heads (on the roof)
  • Putting on wooden panels the aspiration pumps, in order to dampen vibrations and related noise
  • Building specific housings (by wood and polyethylene plates) to prevent snow accumulation on the sampling head on the roof
  • Carrying out maintenance and instrument intercomparisons of continuous size distribution measurements:
    • nephelometer
    • DMPS
    • OPS
    • PSAP
  • Starting with superficial snow samples collected in the “clean area”

2017/2018 Summer Campaing:

  • Prosecution of the atmospheric and superficial snow sampling
  • Halogen sampling with a high-volume sampler during the summer campaign
  • Atmospheric measurements of the largest portion of the organic fraction (VOC, aldehydes, carboxylic acids) during summer period
  • Installing of a new anemometer and trigger
  • Installing of the muon counter
  • Intercomparison of PSAP system with a similar system calibrated
  • Checking of DMPS performances by intercomparison with a portable CPC (Condensation Particle Counter)
  • Packing of all the samples at -20°C ready for shipping to Italy
  • Training to the new winterover personnel

2018/2019 Summer Campaign:

  • Prosecution of the atmospheric and superficial snow sampling
  • Annual checking and maintenance of all the instrumental set: atmospheric aerosol samplers, aspiration pumps, particle counters and ozone analyser
  • Atmospheric measurements of the largest portion of the organic fraction (VOC, aldehydes, carboxylic acids) during summer period
  • Substitution of all the cables of the high-volume sampler and starting of the halogen sampling during summer period
  • Back-up of all the data registered during the previous winter period
  • Rearrangement of the anemometer on the roof of the shelter and changing the set-up of the trigger program for stopping the pumps
  • Reorganization of the rooms inside ATMOS shelter
  • Removal of the wooden housing on the roof
  • Replacing of the PSAP instrument with a less noisy one
  • Installation of the Cluster Ion Counter (CIC)
  • Packing of all the samples at -20°C ready for shipping to Italy
  • Training to the new winterover personnel

2019/2020 Summer Campaign:

  • Prosecution of the atmospheric and superficial snow sampling
  • Annual checking and maintenance of all the instrumental set: atmospheric aerosol samplers, aspiration pumps, particle counters, ozone analyser, and neutron and muon counters
  • Halogen sampling with a high-volume sampler during the summer campaign
  • Back-up of all the data registered during the previous winter period
  • Substitution of the connection cable of the anemometer and of the relays of the meteorological trigger
  • Adding of some function in the trigger’s program
  • Packing and sending back to Italy the Skypost and substitution with a new automatic PM10 sampler (Giano DadoLab)
  • Packing of all the samples at -20°C ready for shipping to Italy
  • Training to the new winterover personnel

Collaborations

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS AND SCIENTISTS INVOLVED

  • IGE (Grenoble, France). Dr. J. Savarino – N-species sources and air/snow processes; Dr. M. Legrand – biogenic S compounds; Dr. B. Jourdain – sea spray aerosol
  • KOPRI (Incheon, South Korea). Dr. Y.J. Yoon. Comparison of aerosol chemical and physical properties with other Antarctic sites, King Sejong Station and Jang Bogo Station
  • Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR); University of Colorado (Boulder, USA). Dr. D. Helmig: N-cycle compounds at DC and comparison South Pole – DC aerosol
  • Desert Research Institute (Reno, Nevada). Prof. J. McConnell: comparison South Pole – DC aerosol and ice core stratigraphies study
  • University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium). Prof. F. Vanhaecke. Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic ratio by multi-collector ICP-MS measurements
  • Sodankylä Geophys. Obs. (Sodankylä, Finland), University of Oulu. Prof. I.G. Usoskin, Dr. S. Poluianov: Cosmic Rays monitoring
  • FMI (Helsinki, Finland). Dr. A. Virkkula. Continuous size distribution measurements by OPC and DMPS
  • Joint Antarctic Research Institute (Wellington, NZ). Prof. N. Bertler: geochemical cycles, mineral dust source areas and ice core records.
  • EMPA (CH). Dr. C. Zelwegger: World calibration Center Surface O3

COLLABORATIONS ON FIELD

  • Personnel of SIDDARTA project (P.I. Silvia Nava)
  • Personnel of BrHgSnow project (P.I. Andrea Spolaor)
  • Personnel of BSRN project (P.I. Angelo Lupi)

Publications

Poluianov, S.V., I.G. Usoskin, A.L. Mishev, et al., GLE and Sub-GLE Redefinition in the Light of High- Altitude Polar Neutron Monitors, Solar Phys., 292, 176, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s11207-017-1202-4.

Poluianov, S., I. Usoskin, A. Mishev, et al. Revisited definition of GLE, Proc. Sci. (ICRC2017), Proc. 35rd Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf., Busan, 125, 2017.

Cristofanelli et al., Analysis of multi-year near-surface ozone observations at the WMO/GAW “Concordia” station (75°06′S, 123°20′E, 3280 m a.s.l. – Antarctica), Atmospheric Environment, 177, 54-63, 2018.

Mishev, A.L., I.G. Usoskin, Assessment of the radiation environment at commercial jet-flight altitudes during GLE 72 on 10 September 2017 using neutron monitor data, Space Weather, 16, 1921-1929, 2018, doi: 10.1029/2018SW001946.

Gil, A., G.A. Kovaltsov, V.V. Mikhailov, A. Mishev, S. Poluianov and I.G. Usoskin, An Anisotropic Cosmic-Ray Enhancement Event on 07-June-2015: A Possible Origin, Solar Phys., 293, 154, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11207-018-1375-5.

Mishev, A., I. Usoskin, O. Raukunen, M. Paassilta, E. Valtonen, L. Kocharov, R. Vainio, First Analysis of Ground-Level Enhancement (GLE) 72 on 10 September 2017: Spectral and Anisotropy Characteristics, Solar Phys., 293, 136, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11207-018-1354-x.

Mishev, A., I. Usoskin, Analysis of sub-GLE and GLE events using NM data: space weather applications, J. of Phys.: Conf. Series, 1, 1181, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1181/1/012006.

Conference Contributions

Traversi, R., S. Becagli, L. Caiazzo, M. Busetto, F. Calzolari, P. Cristofanelli, B. Petkov, M. Severi. Composizione chimica dell’aerosol atmosferico e della neve superficiale a Dome C (Antartide Orientale) risultati da 10 anni di attività. ORAL. “VIII Convegno Nazionale sul Particolato Atmosferico” PM2018 – 23-25 Maggio 2018, Matera.

Becagli, S., R. Traversi, M. Severi, L. Caiazzo, L. Lazzara, G. Mori, C. Marchese, C. Scarchilli, V. Ciardini. Aerosol biogenico in Antartide centrale. Deduzioni sulle interazioni oceano-atmosfera. ORAL. “VIII Convegno Nazionale sul Particolato Atmosferico” PM2018 – 23-25 Maggio 2018, Matera.

Traversi, R., S. Becagli, L. Caiazzo, M. Busetto, F. Calzolari, P. Cristofanelli, B. Petkov, M. Severi. Aerosol and Surface Snow Chemical Composition at Dome C from 10-yr Long Records. ORAL. “A SCAR & IASC Conference” Polar2018 – 15-26 June 2018, Davos.

Becagli, S., R. Traversi, M. Severi, L. Caiazzo, L. Lazzara, G. Mori, C. Marchese, C. Scarchilli, V. Ciardini. Biogenic Aerosol in Central Antarctica: The Ocean-atmosphere Interaction. POSTER. “A SCAR & IASC Conference” Polar2018 – 15-26 June 2018, Davos.

Virkkula, A., V.-M. Kerminen, T.Petäjä, G. De Leeuw, E. Asmi, D. Brus, T. Laurila, H. Timonen, K. Teinilä, E. Rodriquez, J. Svensson, V. Aaltonen, J. Backman, R. Hillamo, M. Sipilä, T. Jokinen, E. Järvinen, T. Nieminen, R. Väänänen, H. Manninen, X. Chen, P.P. Aalto, H. Grythe, M. Busetto, C. Lanconelli, A. Lupi, V. Vitale, R. Weller, A.C. Saulo, and M. Kulmala: Final results of a project on Antarctic aerosols in 2013 -2016. Proceedings of the NOSA-FAAR Symposium 2018, Report Series in Aerosol Science, 208, 134 (http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/FAAR/reportseries/rs-208.pdf), 2018.

Virkkula, A., Grythe, H., Backman, J., Aalto, P.P, Petäjä, T., Busetto, M., Lupi, A., Vitale, V., Udisti, R., Becagli, S., Sheridan, P., Ogren, J., and Kulmala, M.: Surface Aerosols at Dome C and Comparison with Observations at the South Pole, Abstract nr. 2499. “A SCAR & IASC Conference” Polar2018 – 15-26 June 2018, Davos.

Traversi, R., S. Becagli, L. Caiazzo, M. Busetto, F. Calzolari, P. Cristofanelli, B. Petkov, M. Severi. KEYNOTE. Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol and surface snow at Dome C (East Antarctic Ice Sheet): an overview from 10-yr long records. “XXVII Congresso della Divisione di Chimica Analitica” – 16-20 Settembre 2018, Bologna, Italy.

Becagli, S., R. Traversi, M. Severi, L. Caiazzo, L. Lazzara, C. Marchese. Insight on the Ocean- Atmosphere interaction in polar Southern Emisphere by long term aerosol measurements in Central Antarctica. POSTER. “XXVII Congresso della Divisione di Chimica Analitica” – 16-20 Settembre 2018, Bologna, Italy.

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Lin Yusheng More than a dozen hidden formations were set up along the way, and after advancing for thirty miles, the coral sea area became increasingly dense, with seaweed and coral everywhere, completely covering the sand and mud on the seabed.It soon grew into the best quality and stored it in Zhaixing Cliff.

He could no longer suppress the anger in his heart and yelled loudly Master Feihua Sect, don t bully others too much Come on, you and I will be here today.He watched it go away, and was ready to quietly leave in the sword light.

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I don t know the names of these elixirs and medicine powders.They fled far away, not daring to compete with Ye Ling s Thunder Dragon for fear of being caught in the lightning and being killed by the Heavenly Tribulation Thunder Dragon.

As for Xu Mingsheng, he had some credit, but he did not receive the treatment that Ye Ling received.Every time Ditch the Diet Pills: Try Curry Leaves Tea for Weight Loss it bloomed, it meant that the treasures in the tower had been replaced.

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Zhu, all whereabouts must not be leaked, especially the promotion of her and Little Fire Leopard to Golden Core Spirit Beasts, let alone the Ancient Fisher Clan.Quickly order the Clear Water Qilin to change direction and make a circle.

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They each used entanglement techniques and scattered a large number of top Mike Pompeo Weight Loss Transformation: How He Shed Pounds and Boosted Energy quality vine seeds All of a sudden, all kinds of vines grew wildly, and there was the sound of demon birds being rolled down everywhere.readx Ye Ling nodded silently, bid farewell to his senior brother Wang Shiyuan, and went to the Tiandan Immortal Sect s palace on Huangsha Island with this disciple of the Zhou family.

Haha, don t take it personally Now that you know Mingzhao s whereabouts, please make it clear to Grandmaster Ye that I am here to apologize As he said that, Zhou Tong an, the ancestor of the Zhou family, cupped his Comprehensive CBD Merchant Account Reviews: Finding the Best Payment Processing Solutions for Your Business (jOvyl) hands, which in the eyes of others was unbelievable No one has ever seen Old Monster Zhou apologize to others, let alone a monk who has just entered the golden elixir stage Even Youyue Fairy Feng Cailing and Heavenly What is the Best CBD Gummy for Erectile Dysfunction: Expert Reviews and Guide Pill Patriarch Venerable Bailong were also surprised.

Xiao Feng, are you willing Xuanyuan Feng was still busy chewing the chicken drumsticks.When they saw the power being recovered, Han Qiusheng and Xuanyuan Feng even wanted to risk breaking in to see the situation Because in that case, if Qin Feng cannot absorb these powers, he is likely to explode and die.

He was very unwilling to surrender to Chu Tiankuo. You must know that the few pieces of land that were fought for Encore CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Benefits and Uses (Luchs) today can now be Experience the Power of Makers CBD Gummies 300mg: A Comprehensive Review of the Most Effective CBD E said to be worth every inch.It must be because of this that neither Ye Tiantian nor Dai Ruoqing are here today.

Then turn your wrist, Within ten minutes, no one brought by Ye Tiantian was still standing.Qin Feng stood there indifferently. The way he looked at Song Qinghui Does Amazon Have CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide and Review was almost like looking at a corpse.

After saying that, she stood aside like a frightened little chicken, reluctant to speak.Chen Chuqing answered quickly, ignoring Ye Rufeng s suspicion.

In the end, Chu Huaijiang did not move his position, but just stayed there He sat down next to Mu Miye.These should be worth a lot of money, right You think so Hearing that Qin Feng was actually there Qin Manman was the first to reject the idea of a house, calligraphy and painting.

Please let us go. Qin Chuan and the others had already been torn apart just now , now Qin Shufang doesn t want to be tied to them anymore.On the body Are you from the Martial Arts League Fan Bangyan was very satisfied with his reaction Yes, he is now the vice president of the Longdu Martial Arts League, and also serves as a senior executive in the Longguo Martial Arts Association.

Thank you for your concern, senior, The Truth About Steve Harvey Sex Gummies: A Comprehensive Review (sVtwf) I will. After saying goodbye to Lou Hao, Qin Feng first took Chen Chuqing After getting in the car, and just as he was about to go around to Restorz Restful Sleep Gummies Dollar Tree: A Comprehensive Guide to Achieving Restful Sleep Naturally (PYNrW) the other side to get in, he heard a familiar yet unfamiliar voice in the parking lot Qin Feng.Pull, do you understand Dou Yi stood aside and lowered his head in silence, biting his lower lip slightly.

Fan Bangyan and the others were not surprised when they heard that no one from Panlong Palace had arrived yet.Some things are better left to the Qin family to confess than others.

She watched in stunned silence as Qin Feng took action and suppressed eight bodyguards with just one hand Boosting Intimacy with Gummies that Increase Sex Drive: A Comprehensive Guide (nLCEA) An ordinary man, not to mention The Benefits of Apple Cider Gummies for Diabetics: A Comprehensive Guide (VBrEj) eight well trained bodyguards, even eight weak girls cannot be so relaxed.Xu Hailin had put away the ferocity he showed when his true colors were revealed yesterday, with one hand behind his back and a gentle and elegant smile, as if he was a Confucian official.

If he knew the value of the land being developed later, he would be so angry that he would 30-Day Journey with Weight Loss Gummies: How Busy New Yorkers Are Flattening Their Bellies Understanding the Benefits of Biohealth CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Review of Biohealth Cbd Gummies vomit blood.After saying that, he shook off Dou Yi s hand and walked towards the ring with his legs raised.

You call the second master by his first name in front of him.There are even rumors that Bai Luozhi has an ordinary appearance and has no talent, so she avoids seeing people.

And at the same time, Tianjiao, who had not taken action in the past few days, will also take action one after another.He grew up in ancient medicine. People in the medical sect have a pure heart and a relatively quiet temperament.

They glanced at the warriors below with scornful eyes and roared in Yangguo dialect.Looking at the poisonous dragon, which looked very bulky, Qin Feng also had a hint of interest in his eyes.

His energy and blood exploded, his strength surged, and it was terrifying.That s the Dragon Lord of Panlong Palace A person who was aloof and unreachable was offended by them several times.

However, he did not get angry impulsively. After all, the junior brother just now was provoked by Miao Jin and 8 Professional Best Weight Loss for Menopause Approaches in Vancouver acted impulsively, only to be hurt by Miao Jin s secret strength.Yehuang has an elite female force under his command, which is well known within the Martial Arts Temple.

In the midst of the commotion, Zou Qi s eyes had been fixed on Qin Feng, as sinisterly as an eagle staring at its prey.Facing Dai Ruolan, who has no heart, Qin Nordstromrack Sleep Gummy: The Ultimate Solution for a Restful Night's Sleep (mygCe) Feng s attitude is quite mild.

Who did you learn your martial arts from Mr. Ye, I seem to have no comment on these matters.Please tell me. Han Qiusheng did not refuse. You have seen Qin Feng s current situation. If Jiuxuan Sect knew that he was still alive and could absorb such a powerful force, they would definitely send someone to interfere with it.

If The Effects of Combining Alcohol and CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide (qOhfO) you look closely, you will see that they are all members Gunna’s Weight Loss Journey: Hip-Hop Star’s Transformation Tactics of the Qin family.His consciousness was now Just soak in the ocean of these powers.

After Qin Feng entered the door, he did not raise his head to look at it.It s inevitable that you will be seen when you walk through the main gate.

Look Someone is going to be in trouble. If I had known that I would see a big shot like Mr.Damn, this lunatic, bastard Fan Bangyan was so angry that he couldn t care about anything else and ran towards Qin Feng as soon as he stepped forward.

Now seeing that Han Qiusheng regarded her as the murderer who deliberately framed Qin Feng, her pretty face was full of frustration and anxiety.At that moment, the hair all over Yuan Shan s body suddenly stood up.

Xu Yu glanced over there disdainfully, then walked to Wu Mian s side and said, Mr.To put it bluntly, her heart is as high as the sky, and her life is as thin as paper.

But with a few words, Xu Shaoqin directly changed his identity as a genius to the same as the cabbage in the vegetable market.When Ye Linyuan offered to give it to Haiyuan Li just now, Haiyuan Li kept saying that this sword was worth thirty million in her eyes, and that no one else in the Dragon Kingdom was worthy of using such a good sword.

Qin Feng spoke, rarely speaking to Lin Wan er again.However, Qin Feng was still a little curious If it s just to understand the situation, just find someone to call me over.

Brother Qin, you are so awesome I knew you would never lie to me.